Madagascar

Source: UNICEF. Global databases: Infant and young child feeding. Published online September 2021. Available at: http://data.unicef.org/nutrition/iycf. Accessed 16 November 2022.

Notes: Prevalence (%) estimates are presented for infants and young children aged 0–23 months (age varies by indicator). Location is classified as ‘urban’ or ‘rural’ (as defined in the survey). Education refers to the educational level of the mother and is classified as ‘none or primary’ or ‘secondary or higher’. Wealth is asset-based wealth scores at the household level, classified as quintiles: ‘lowest’, ‘second lowest’, ‘middle’, ‘second highest’ and ‘highest’. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: Tufts University. Global Dietary Database. Published online 2019. Available at: https://www.globaldietarydatabase.org/data-download. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Intakes are reported in grams per day (g/d) for all dietary factors. Intakes are based on modelled estimates for adults aged 25 years and older. The dietary factors have been selected as those diet components that have a statistically significant relationship with at least one disease endpoint that can be generalisable to all populations. Recommended intake targets were determined by the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. This includes minimum recommended intakes of health promoting food groups (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts and wholegrains) and maximum recommended intakes of food groups with detrimental health and/or environmental impacts (red meat, dairy, and fish). Ideal intake for each food is within the shaded area of the graph.

Source: UNICEF/WHO/World Bank. Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Stunting, Wasting and Overweight. Published online May 2022. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/malnutrition-data. Accessed 16 November 2022.

Notes: Prevalence (%) estimates are presented for infants and young children aged 0–59 months. Stunting is defined as below minus two standard deviations (<−2 SD) from the median height-for-age of the WHO growth reference. Wasting is defined as below minus two standard deviations (<−2 SD) from the median weight-for-height of the WHO growth reference. Overweight is defined as above one standard deviation (>+1 SD) from the median weight-for-height of the WHO growth reference. Location is classified as ‘urban’ or ‘rural’ (as defined in the survey). Education refers to the educational level of the mother and is classified as ‘none or primary’ or ‘secondary or higher’. Wealth is asset-based wealth scores at the household level, classified as quintiles: ‘lowest’, ‘second lowest’, ‘middle’, ‘second highest’ and ‘highest’. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: UNICEF. Global Databases: Overlapping Stunting, Wasting and Overweight. Published online May 2022. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition. Accessed 16 November 2022.

Notes: Prevalence (%) estimates are presented for infants and young children aged 0–59 months. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: UNICEF/WHO. Low birthweight estimates. Published online June 2022. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/low-birthweight. Accessed 16 November 2022.

Notes: Prevalence (%) is based on modelled estimates. Low birth weight is defined as less than 2,500g. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Values for 2000 to 2016 are available online (http://ncdrisc.org/data-downloads.html. Accessed 16 November 2022). Projected values for 2019 were provided directly to the Global Nutrition Report by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration.

Notes: Prevalence (%) estimates are based on modelled age-standardised estimates for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years up to 2016 using the WHO standard population. Projected values for 2019 are visualised using a dashed line. Thinness is defined as below minus two standard deviation (<−2 SD) from the median BMI-for-age of the WHO growth reference, overweight (including obesity) as above one standard deviation (>+1 SD), and obesity as above two standard deviations (>+2 SD). See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Values for 2000 to 2016 are available online (http://ncdrisc.org/data-downloads.html. Accessed 16 November 2022). Projected values for 2019 were provided directly to the Global Nutrition Report by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration.

Notes: Prevalence (%) estimates are based on modelled age-standardised estimates for adults aged 18 years and older up to 2016 using the WHO standard population. Projected values for 2019 are displayed using a dashed line. Underweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of less than 18.5kg/m2 (BMI<18.5), overweight (including obesity) as equal to or greater than 25kg/m2 (BMI≥25), and obesity as equal to or greater than 30kg/m2 (BMI≥30). See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: WHO. Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators. Accessed 16 November 2022.

Notes: Prevalence (%) estimates are based on modelled estimates for women aged 15−49 years up to 2019. Anaemia is defined as haemoglobin concentration less than 120g/L for non-pregnant and lactating women, and less than 110 g/L for pregnant women, adjusted for altitude and smoking. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Values for 2000 to 2016 are available online (http://ncdrisc.org/data-downloads.html. Accessed 16 November 2022). Projected values for 2019 were provided directly to the Global Nutrition Report by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration.

Notes: Prevalence (%) estimates are based on modelled age-standardised estimates for adults aged 18 years and older from 2000 to 2015 for raised blood pressure, and from 2000 to 2014 for diabetes, using the WHO standard population. Projected values for 2019 are displayed using a dashed line. Raised blood pressure is defined as systolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 90mmHg. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: New analysis based on estimates of food intake from the Global Dietary Database, weight measurements from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, risk-disease relationships from the epidemiological literature and mortality and population estimates from the Global Burden of Disease project.

Notes: Deaths (in millions) attributable to dietary risk factors by cause of death, for risks related to dietary composition and weight levels. The combined risk is less than the sum of individual risks because individuals can be exposed to multiple risks, but mortality is ascribed to one risk and cause. 'All risk factors' includes all deaths associated with dietary composition (i.e. diets low in fruits, diets low in vegetables, diets low in wholegrains, diets high in processed meat, diets high in red meat, and diets high in sugary drinks) and all deaths associated with weight levels (i.e. underweight, overweight, obese). See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: UNICEF. Global databases: Child health coverage. Published online May 2022. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/diarrhoeal-disease. Accessed 16 November 2022; UNICEF. Global databases: Vitamin A data. Published online September 2021. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/vitamin-supplementation. Accessed 16 November 2022; STATcompiler. The DHS Program. Available at: www.statcompiler.com. Accessed 16 November 2022; UNICEF. Global databases: Iodized salt. Published online October 2021. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/iodine. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Estimates are reported as percentages (%). See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: Global Nutrition Report based on OECD DAC CRS. 2020.

Notes: Gross official development assistance (ODA) received or disbursed for basic nutrition (CRS code: 12240) reported in US$ millions (constant 2020 prices) and as percentage (%) of the total ODA received/disbursed. Estimates include ODA grants and loans, but excludes other official flows and private grants. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects. 2019. Available at: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population. Accessed: 16 November 2022

Notes: Estimates are reported in thousands for total population, population group aged under 5 years, population group aged 65 years and over and as percentage (%) for population living in rural areas. All estimates are based on modelled estimates for 2022. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: FAO Statistics Division. Food Security/Suite of Food Security Indicators. 2019. Available at: http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/indicators/211/en. Accessed 16 November 2022.

Notes: Prevalence (%) is calculated from three-year averages of modelled estimates, with the associated year being the middle year of those three (e.g., 2018 estimate is the average of 2017–2019). The prevalence of undernourishment is defined as the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. Due to estimation limitations, low undernourishment prevalence below 2.5% can not be accurately represented. For visualisation, we have presented these as 2.4 where relevant. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: UNICEF. Global databases: Under-five mortality. Published online December 2021. Available at: http://data.unicef.org/child-mortality/under-five. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Number of deaths of children aged 0–59 months per 1,000 live births, based on modelled estimates up to 2019. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: World Bank. Global Health Workforce Statistics. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator. Accessed 16 Novemrber 2022

Notes: Number of health workers per 1,000 people, based on modelled estimates. Health worker definition and training vary across countries and human resources tend to be concentrated in urban areas, so inferences may be affected. Medical doctors include generalist and specialist medical doctors. Nurses and midwives include professional, auxiliary and enrolled nurses and midwives, as well as other associated personnel, e.g. dental and primary care nurses. Community health workers include various types of community health aides, many with country-specific occupational titles such as community health officers, community health-education workers, family health workers, lady health visitors and health extension package workers. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: WHO/UNICEF. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. 2020. Available at: https://washdata.org/data. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Percentage (%) of population using each drinking water source, based on modelled estimates up to 2020. ‘Safely managed’ refers to using an improved (i.e. by design and construction has the potential to deliver safe water) drinking water source located on the premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. ‘Basic’ refers to using an improved source, for which water collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. ‘Limited’ refers to an improved source for which water collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a round trip including queuing. ‘Unimproved’ refers to an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring. ‘Surface water’ refers to drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation canal. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: WHO/UNICEF. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. 2020. Available at: https://washdata.org/data. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Percentage (%) of population using different types of sanitation facilities, based on modelled estimates up to 2020. ‘Safely managed’ refers to using improved (i.e. designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact) sanitation facilities not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed in situ or transported and treated off-site. ‘Basic’ refers to using improved facilities not shared with other households. ‘Limited’ refers to using improved facilities shared between two or more households. ‘Unimproved’ refers to using pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or bucket latrines. ‘Open defecation’ refers to disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook database. Published online April 2022. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Annual gross domestic product (GDP) per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) in constant 2017 international dollars. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: World Bank. PovcalNet: an online analysis tool for global poverty monitoring. 2020. Available at: http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/home.aspx. Accessed 16 November 2022.

Notes: Percentage (%) of population living on less than US$1.90 or less than US$3.20 per day, based on 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP), up to 2020. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: World Bank. Gini index. 2020. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Country income inequality based on the Gini index, which measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households in an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. The Gini index ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality). Countries are ranked from most equal (1) to most unequal (163). See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: UNICEF. Global databases: Maternal and Newborn Health Coverage. Published online May 2022. Available at: http://data.unicef.org/maternal-health/delivery-care. Accessed 16 November 2022; UN Development Programme. Human Development Report. Gender Inequality Index. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/68606#. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Early childbearing refers to the percentage (%) of women aged 20–24 years who gave birth before the age of 18. The Gender Inequality Index (GII) measures: gender inequalities in reproductive health, measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates; empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by women and proportion of women and men aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education; and economic status, expressed as labour market participation and measured by labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older. GII ranges from 0 (women and men fare equally) to 1 (one gender fares as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions). Countries are ranked from most equal (1) to most unequal (170). See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2022. Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/. Accessed 16 November 2022

Notes: Percentage (net, %) estimates refer to the ratio of female children of official school age enrolled in secondary school to the population of the corresponding official school age. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: New analysis based on estimates of food demand from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (FAO. Food Balance Sheets: A Handbook. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2001) and a database of country- and food group-specific environmental footprints (Springmann et al. Nature 2018; 562: 519–25; Poore & Nemecek. Science 2018; 360: 987–92).

Notes: Data on food demand for each country from FAO was paired with a comprehensive database of environmental footprints, differentiated by country, food group, and environmental impact. The footprints take into account all food production, including inputs such as fertilisers and feed, transport, and processing, e.g., of oil seeds to oils and sugar crops to sugars. The displayed total pressure is in the units stated for each environamental domain and has been rounded to the nearest 10 units. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.

Source: New analysis based on estimates of food demand from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (FAO. Food Balance Sheets: A Handbook. Rome, Italy: FAO, 2001) and a database of country- and food group-specific environmental footprints (Springmann et al. Nature 2018; 562: 519–25; Poore & Nemecek. Science 2018; 360: 987–92). The target values for sustainable food production are in line with Sustainable Development Goals specified by and adapted from the EAT-Lancet Commission (Willett et al.The Lancet 2019; 393: 447–92.; Springmann et al. The British Medical Journal 2020; 370: 2322).

Notes: Planetary boundaries define the threshold related to global environmental processes beyond which humanity should not go. Planetary boundaries align with the targets for sustainable food production as set out by the Sustainable Development Goals. If impacts exceed 100% of the planetary boundary, the dietary pattern of that particular country can be considered unsustainable in light of global environmental targets, and disproportionate in the context of an equitable distribution of environmental resources and mitigation efforts. See Methodology for more information on the indicators.